Prior to the introduction of the G7 oil price cap in December 2022, a number of vessels moved from direct Russian ownership or nationality to new companies domiciled in India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These new, primarily, tanker owners have created fleets of vessels with direct and indirect links to Russian entities while retaining a general level of opaque ownership information, especially in regard to the ultimate group owner. In the meantime, these new owners have helped Russian oil continue to flow when more traditional and conventional fleet owners exited the Russian market.

The issue of vessel ownership and the potential to identify the ultimate beneficial owner has been discussed widely since the oil price cap came into effect. Recently the European Union placed Sun Ship Management on a sanction watch-list due to its relationship with Sovcomflot, the Russian fleet owner which transferred assets to Sun Ship Management, a Dubai based ship owner in 2022. In addition, two other fleet owners, Gatik Ship Management and Fractal Marine, are newly registered ship owners in India and UAE respectively, for vessels that have previously been Russian flagged or managed. Both of these registered owners are not the ultimate fleet owner and understanding who really owns those assets is not so readily available.

Key Takeaways

• In 2022, 864 newly established companies were created in the maritime industry with an association or relationship to Russia
• From the 864 new organizations, 87 of these contain vessels that were previously Russian owned or Russian flagged
• 23 of the 87 maritime companies are located in the UAE. Turkey, Singapore and the Seychelles make up a significant portion of the remaining total
• The other 777 companies have vessels within their fleets that have made Russian port calls since Dec. 5, 2022. The number of unique vessels involved in these port visits is 880
• Vessels making Russian port calls for the first time since Dec. 5, 2022 are primarily associated with fleet owners located in Turkey, China, Greece, Hong Kong and UAE
• The issue of vessel ownership as a risk factor is heightened when analyzing the unknown group owners of the 880 vessels making Russian port visits. 511 have no ultimate group owner listed
• 83 companies located in India are working directly with Russian shipping assets or own vessels making Russian port visits, 44 of these were established and setup in 2022
• Gatik Ship Management has evolved into new registered companies in April and May 2023 with a number of these vessels incorporated into new entities outside India
• The Gabon flag has dramatically increased the number of tanker vessels under its registration in April and May 2023, these flag changes have occurred at the same time as the Gatik Ship Management ownership changes
• 98% of the Gabon flagged tanker fleet greater than 10,000 DWT is either subject to Russian shipping sanctions or has an unknown beneficial group owner

Recent media reports uncovering Russian related vessels registered to the Indian-based ship owner Gatik Ship Management and the UAE-based firm Fractal Marine have identified a new type of vessel owner. Gatik and Fractal have been high-profile cases with both firms acquiring multiple Russian linked vessels throughout 2022. Beyond these two firms there are numerous companies created in 2022 which have acquired previously Russian flagged or Russian owned vessels. Some of these new owners manage single ship fleets or larger entities of multiple vessels.

A total of 864 companies with a relationship to Russia have been setup in 2022, the relationship covers either a port visit for the first time after December 5, 2022, ex-Russian flagged or ex-Russian owned ship now appearing in its fleet. These companies are active within different vessel ownership structures such as group owner, registered owner, operator or technical manager.

The 10 countries where the majority of these companies are located is highlighted below with Turkey, China, Greece, UAE and Hong Kong leading the way.

The key Russian association for the 864 vessels is a port call after the first oil price cap for crude oil was introduced in December 2022 but other firms in the 864-company list have acquired previously owned or flagged Russian vessels. There are 87 companies that have acquired ex-Russian owned or flagged ships without necessarily making Russian port visits. The leading location for registering a previously Russian owned or flagged maritime asset is the UAE.

In context, the number of maritime companies setup in 2022 with a direct Russian relationship accounts for 12.8% of the overall 6,789 new firms.

The number of vessels associated with these new companies that were originally Russian flagged or Russian owned is 100.

Download and read the complete complimentary paper: Russian Shadow Shipping - Emerging New Owners. This paper seeks to identify and analyze the key organizational movements of Russian-linked vessel fleets, and their ownership and domicile status in order to understand new market entrants, what they have purchased in the wider tanker market and how this facilitates potential Russian dark shipping.

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This article was published by S&P Global Market Intelligence and not by S&P Global Ratings, which is a separately managed division of S&P Global.